Electricity – this deals with the movement of charge from one point to another through a conductor.ģ. Mechanics – the study of motion of bodies under the influence of force.Ģ. Physics is also defined as the study of matter and its relation to energy.Ī physicist is able to explain bulk properties of matter as well as other phenomena observed.ġ. Physics is therefore a science whose objective is the study of components of matter and their mutual interactions. Physics is a Greek word meaning nature hence it deals with natural phenomena. A theorem is a fact or statement that is true and proven but applicable under specific conditions. A law or principle is a scientific fact or statement that has been proven and experimented to be true for all conditions.Ĥ. A hypothesis is a scientific fact or statement that has not been proven or experimented.ģ. A laboratory is a building specifically designed for scientific work and may contain many pieces of apparatus and materials for use.Ģ. Science gives us powerful ideas, instruments and methods which affect us in our daily lives.ġ. We require people in industries to work as engineers, technicians, researchers, in hospitals as doctors, nurses and technologists.
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Scientists are people trained in science and who practice the knowledge of science.
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We suggest that researchers who have measured relevant simple hydraulic characteristics in many past studies reevaluate their data considering the role of complex hydraulic key characteristics for the distribution of organisms.Free KCSE Mocks - KCSE Questions and Answers - Download Free KCSE Marking Schemes - KCSE Revision - KCSE Results Hydraulic stream ecology provides methods to scale flow in lotic research, which will lead to an increase in replicability and predictability in studies of running water ecosystems.
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There is evidence that some species can alter the hydraulic environment for other individuals (or species). Other groups of organisms found in running waters (e.g., microorganisms and fish) show responses to hydraulics that are comparable to those of lotic macroinvertebrates. On the catchment scale, the distribution of zoobenthos, and, consequently, longitudinal zonation are also largely dependent on hydraulics. Complex hydraulic characteristics are most useful in modeling specific relationships between the distribution of zoobenthos within a stream reach and the physical habitat, which differ depending on developmental stage of the organism, season, and site. Substratum characteristics, usually perceived as a major factor explaining the distribution of lotic macroinvertebrates, is less important than mean velocity and the complex hydraulic key characteristics. The stress of flow and temporal exposure to it may be correlated with the distribution of lotic zoobenthos. Critical resources in swift flowing microzones can often be exploited by zoobenthos for only restricted periods, a view that is consistent with the temporal, vertical migration patterns observed for most stream invertebrates.
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Indeed, flow forces are rather stressful for these animals. The body shapes of many lotic zoobenthos are not well adapted to minimize forces of flow, as has been generally believed.
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Examples from lotic macroinvertebrates, in particular original data on the water bug Aphelocheirus aestivalis (Fabr.), demonstrate how organismic responses are linked to the hydraulic environment. The hydraulic environment shows characteristic patterns within whole catchments or within reaches of different types of running waters (e.g., high gradient mountain stream, lowland stream, mid-order river). Calculations of these complex key characteristics require measurement of simple hydraulic characteristics like mean velocity, water surface slope, depth, bottom roughness, kinematic viscosity, and density of the water. We demonstrate methods for estimating complex hydraulic key characteristics, like turbulence in the free flow, turbulence close to the stream bottom, and the force of flow prevailing at the bottom. Since a unified analytical solution for all important hydraulic variables in running waters does not exist at the moment, we advocate a simpler view of the physical system. Using an approach we call "hydraulic stream ecology", we link organismic responses to a more comprehensive treatment of the physical environment. Although it is well known that metabolism, feeding, and behaviour of lotic organisms is influenced by various flow characteristics, hydraulic variables usually are not accurately measured in lotic ecology studies.